Sukarno, also spelled Soekarno (born June 6, 1901, Surabaja [now
Surabaya], Java, Dutch East Indies—died June 21, 1970, Jakarta, Indonesia),
leader of the Indonesian independence movement and Indonesia’s first president
(1949–66), who suppressed the country’s original parliamentary system in favour
of an authoritarian “Guided Democracy” and who attempted to balance the
Communists against the army leaders. He was deposed in 1966 by the army under
Suharto.
Sukarno was
the only son of a poor Javanese
schoolteacher, Raden Sukemi Sosrodihardjo, and his Balinese wife, Ida Njoman
Rai. Originally named Kusnasosro, he was given a new and, it was hoped, more
auspicious name, Sukarno, after a series of illnesses. Known to his childhood
playmates as Djago (Cock, Champion) for his looks, spirits, and prowess, he was
as an adult best known as Bung Karno (bung,
“brother” or “comrade”), the revolutionary hero and architect of merdeka (“independence”).
The nation
was shocked and shaken out of its trance by an abortive coup on September 30,
1965. A clique of military conspirators calling itself the September 30th
Movement kidnapped and killed six top army generals, seized a few key urban
points, and proclaimed a new revolutionary regime. General Suharto, the
commander of the Jakarta garrison, swiftly reversed the coup.
Suharto and
the military generally believed the Indonesian Communist Party (Partai Komunis
Indonesia; PKI)—which to some measure had been supported and protected by
Sukarno—to be behind the attempted coup. The PKI, by contrast, understood the
plot to be entirely a military matter. There ensued an oblique contest for
power between Suharto and Sukarno, during which thousands of communists and
alleged communists were slaughtered by the military; estimates of the number of
people killed during the purge range from 80,000 to more than 1,000,000. As the
country recoiled in horror, activist youths demanded the political demise of
Sukarno, the Sukarnoists, and Sukarnoism and the total reform and
reorganization of the state. On March 11, 1966, Sukarno was obliged to delegate
wide powers to Suharto, who subsequently became acting president (March 1967)
and then president (March 1968), as Sukarno sank into disgrace and dotage.
List of Prime Minister of Indonesia (Orde Lama)
1.Sultan Sjahrir (November 1945 - June 1947) [PKI]
2.Amir Sjarifoeddin/Amir Sjarifuddin (3 July 1947 - 29 January 1948) [PKI]
3.Moh. Hatta (29 January 1948 - 5 September 1950) [PNI]
----> Acting Prime Minister, Susanto Tirtoprodjo (20 September 1949 - 16 January 1950)
4.Abdul Halim (16 January 1950 - 5 September 1950
5.Mohammad Natsir (5 September 1950 - 26 April 1951) [Masyumi]
6.Soekiman Wirjosandjojo (27 April 1951 - 3 April 1952) [Masyumi]
7.Wilopo ( 1 April 1952 - 30 July 1953) [PNI]
8.Ali Satroamidjojo ( 30 July 1953 - 11 August 1955) [PNI]
9.Burhanuddin Harahap (11 August 1955 - 20 March 1956) [Masyumi]
10.Ali Sastroamidjojo ( 20 March 1956 - 9 April 1957 ) [PNI]
11.Djunda Kartawidjaja ( 9 April 1957 - 9 July 1959 ) [PNI]
NB:
[Party]
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